Simple Mysteries
On this page we introduce some of the most interesting mysteries in physics - things which are interesting not because they have great interpretations but because they are so beautiful and so simple yet still completely unexplained. Some will no doubt be revealed to be coincidences. Others may suggest a much deeper theory of physics.The Koide Formula
One of the most interesting and mysterious formulae in particle physics. What it's meaning is no one knows.- If you take the masses of the three known leptons, (the electron, the muon, and the tau) which are the seemingly random numbers 0.511 MeV, 105.7 MeV, and 1777 MeV, sum the masses , and then divide by the square of the sum of the square roots of the masses, the result is 2/3 accurate to less than 0.01% !
This clearly suggests some underlying theory, but in 25 years no one has found it. And this relation does not seem to apply to any other set of particles.
Braids
in the Standard Model
This mystery is more than likely an interesting coincidence, but still raises questions.
- Take three ribbons, and write down all of the ways in which they can be simply braided (meaning one ribbon passes over a second ribbon and under the third ribbon - there are only two distinct options) with each ribbon twisted clockwise, counterclockwise, or not at all. (For this game, you also are not allowed to have a braid include two twists in opposite directions - ie if even one ribbon twists clockwise the other two cannot twist counterclockwise)
- Define three operations: applying C to anyy braid reverses the direction of all twists, applying P to a braid flips the whole thing from left to right, and applying T flips it from top to bottom.
- Now classify the braids:
There are two with no twists,
There are four with all twists (two all clockwise, and two all counterclockwise)
There are six with two clockwise twists and six with two counterclockwise twists
There are six with one clockwise twist and six with one counterclockwise twist
And in each case there are equal numbers of the two kinds of braids
- In the last two steps, replace twists withh charge +e/3 for clockwise and -e/3 for counterclockwise twists, and replace the two types of braid with spin +1/2 and spin -1/2.
Now C changes charge to opposite charge, P reverses spins, and T flips both. In both the braids and this new form, the combination CPT leaves everything unchanged - just like these same operations do in the Standard Model.
Now look at the classified braids:
There are two particles with charge 0 (the left and right handed neutrinos)
There are two particles with charge -1 (left and right handed electrons) and two with charge +1 (the positrons)
There are six particles with charge +2/3 and six with -2/3 (down-type quarks and antiquarks, with three 'colors' as in the Standard Model)
There are six particle with charge +1/3 and six with -1/3 (up-type quarks and antiquarks with three 'colors')
So this simple game of ribbon braiding has reproduced the first generation of the Standard Model with all of the correct properties!
*There is also a more technical argument indicating that IF these ribbons actually represent particles, single and double ribbons cannot exist as particle, while three ribbons braided together can.
This mystery is more than likely an interesting coincidence, but still raises questions.
- Take three ribbons, and write down all of the ways in which they can be simply braided (meaning one ribbon passes over a second ribbon and under the third ribbon - there are only two distinct options) with each ribbon twisted clockwise, counterclockwise, or not at all. (For this game, you also are not allowed to have a braid include two twists in opposite directions - ie if even one ribbon twists clockwise the other two cannot twist counterclockwise)
- Define three operations: applying C to anyy braid reverses the direction of all twists, applying P to a braid flips the whole thing from left to right, and applying T flips it from top to bottom.
- Now classify the braids:
There are two with no twists,
There are four with all twists (two all clockwise, and two all counterclockwise)
There are six with two clockwise twists and six with two counterclockwise twists
There are six with one clockwise twist and six with one counterclockwise twist
And in each case there are equal numbers of the two kinds of braids
- In the last two steps, replace twists withh charge +e/3 for clockwise and -e/3 for counterclockwise twists, and replace the two types of braid with spin +1/2 and spin -1/2.
Now C changes charge to opposite charge, P reverses spins, and T flips both. In both the braids and this new form, the combination CPT leaves everything unchanged - just like these same operations do in the Standard Model.
Now look at the classified braids:
There are two particles with charge 0 (the left and right handed neutrinos)
There are two particles with charge -1 (left and right handed electrons) and two with charge +1 (the positrons)
There are six particles with charge +2/3 and six with -2/3 (down-type quarks and antiquarks, with three 'colors' as in the Standard Model)
There are six particle with charge +1/3 and six with -1/3 (up-type quarks and antiquarks with three 'colors')
So this simple game of ribbon braiding has reproduced the first generation of the Standard Model with all of the correct properties!
*There is also a more technical argument indicating that IF these ribbons actually represent particles, single and double ribbons cannot exist as particle, while three ribbons braided together can.
